well i just got back from a few calls today @ work where they had 5.43MB left on their C: drive
and you can't really defrag correctly unless you have at least 15% free, so i would say a safe estimate is you'd probably start to see a performance decrease around at least 20%
Most drives I've seen recommend ~10% free at all times, but you'll probably start to see some performance decrease before that. Where you'll see it pretty much depends on the drive.
i dont think using a percentage is the best idea, but rather a specific amount of size. You dont need 10% free space on a 300gig drive, thats like 30 gigs just sitting there for nothing. You probably want about 1 gig free on any drive at all times.