Is it possible to hook up my PSU to a rotary motor so that I can use that to power the motor? Also, could I make it so that I can adjust the speed of the motor via a switch or dial?
What kind of motor are you talking about? Fan motor? Dremel type motor? CAR motor? We really can't help you much until you specify... but if you are talking about a 12v motor of some kind, then yes it is possible with the proper wiring connections
I'm not sure, but it's to rotate a fairly large metal ring (18" diameter) around, but I want it to go fairly slowly...not sure what kind of motor though.
1- You want a small, high gearing PMDC motor. First thing that comes to mind is an RC servo. Easy to get, but will require some modification, probably some soldering. If you want details on that avenue, LMK. You could also go with a traditional PMDC gearmotor- check lynxmotion.com, looks like this one will work well for you. Now, the arrangement for rotating this large disc/platter/whatever is up to you. I would suggest friction drive. Basically, get a strip of rubber, tack it around the outside where it won't be seen; then put a small wheel on the motor so that it runs on that and rotates it.