There was a steam explosion and subsequent graphite fire. Here's the short of it without going into so many details.
1) The RBMK was designed for two things, generating power, and generating Pu.
2) Typical Soviet mentality was to cut corners in order to reduce cost. For example, no containment building.
3) RBMKs are inheriently unstable. They use graphite as a moderator. They operate with positive moderator coefficients of reactivity. Moderator temperature increase = increase in reactivity = increase in power.
4) They were operating it that day in an unsafe condition in order to conduct an experiement. In other words, they turned it into a giant test reactor.
5) They were operating it with fewer control rods than were required.
6) Something went wrong, and when they tried to shut it down by scramming it, the thing blew. The tips of the RBMKs control rods are made of graphite. By scramming it, they actually inserted POSITIVE reactivity. This small amount of graphite on the tip caused it to go out of control.
In other words, you'd never find a reactor constructed like that in the Western world, or in the Far East. If only they had constructed a containment building around the reactor, a disaster could have been prevented.
1) The RBMK was designed for two things, generating power, and generating Pu.
2) Typical Soviet mentality was to cut corners in order to reduce cost. For example, no containment building.
3) RBMKs are inheriently unstable. They use graphite as a moderator. They operate with positive moderator coefficients of reactivity. Moderator temperature increase = increase in reactivity = increase in power.
4) They were operating it that day in an unsafe condition in order to conduct an experiement. In other words, they turned it into a giant test reactor.
5) They were operating it with fewer control rods than were required.
6) Something went wrong, and when they tried to shut it down by scramming it, the thing blew. The tips of the RBMKs control rods are made of graphite. By scramming it, they actually inserted POSITIVE reactivity. This small amount of graphite on the tip caused it to go out of control.
In other words, you'd never find a reactor constructed like that in the Western world, or in the Far East. If only they had constructed a containment building around the reactor, a disaster could have been prevented.